The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Ego development and personality disorder of prisoners compared with non- prisoners.The subjects include two groups of Go individuals in which the experiment group belonged to male prisoners (except for political prisoners) with an educational background of secondary school up to high school graduates.The control group was selected from non- prisoners who did not have records of psychosis. In order to gain a profile of personality disorder, a malti axis clinical test and in order to investigate the degree of Ego development the Kattle 16 factor test was employed. The finding of the study indicates that the prisoners (the experiment group) differ significantly in all scales of personality disorders from the control group except for obsessive personality scales. As for the age development, the two groups showed significant difference in the age power and excitement sensitivity.

Background: Mental health is a predictor of life expectancy and one of the indicators life's progress. Aims: The present was carried out in order to investigate the mediating role of Ego strength between Ego development and mental health. Method: current study is an inferential research. To this end, a sample of 112 students who lives in dormitories of Tehran university (55 girls and 57 boys) were selected through multistage cluster sampling. They were asked to complete 3 tests including: Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WuscT, 1981) to measure Ego development, Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ20) to measure mental health, the Strength Questionnaire (ESS, Besharat, 2007). Results: The use of path analysis in Amos application investigating the mentioned mediation, demonstrated That Ego strength has a statistically significant mediating effect on Ego development and mental health. (Affects the intensity and direction of their relationship). Conclusions: Also, there was a positive significant correlation between Ego strength and mental health, while, there was no significant correlation between Ego development and mental health. The higher the level of Ego development and Ego strength of a person is, the higher his/her mental health would be.

Ego strength refers to a set of Ego functions as one of the personality structures. Normal development process requires Ego abilities in coping with id, superEgo and environmental demands and conflicts. Having a valid instrument is needed to measure these abilities. The aim of the present study was to develop and examine psychometric properties of the Ego Strength Scale (ESS) including construct validity, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Three hundred and twelve Iranian men and women (174 women, 138 men) participated in this study, voluntarily. All participants were asked to complete the ESS, the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS). The design of the present study was developmental-practical. Analysis of the data involved exploratory factor analysis for construct validity, Cronbach’ s alpha coefficients for internal consistency, and test-retest for reliability. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported a five factor structure including Ego-control, Ego-resiliency, Mature Defense Mechanisms, Problem-focused Coping Strategies and Positive Emotional-focused Coping Strategies. The convergent and discriminant validity of the ESS were supported by an expected pattern of correlations between the scale and the measures of psychological well-being, psychological distress, difficulties in emotion regulation, and positive and negative affects. All correlation coefficients between the mean scores on the ESS and scores of the psychological well-being, psychological distress, difficulties in emotion regulation, and positive and negative affects were statistically significant. Coefficient alpha estimates of internal reliability were between 0. 79 and 0. 85 for the ESS subscales. Test-retest reliability of the ESS was also calculated at the range of 0. 65-0. 73 (p < 0. 001). All correlations were statistically significant. It was concluded that the ESS can be considered as a reliable and valid scale to measure Ego strength in Iranian samples.

Introduction: The present research is concerned with the assessment of Ego development in subjects who were cosmetic surgery applications and compare them with non applicant subjects. Method: For this purpose, a sample group (with 70 Ss.) were chosen from three cosmetic surgery clinics in Tehran, Also comparison group (with 70 Ss.) were chosen from two dentistry clinics. The two sample groups were matched according to age, education and socio-economic status. To assess the Ego development, all the participants completed the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test. Using the t test for independent samples. Result: the results revealed that the applicant group has lower levels of Ego development criterion in comparison with nonapplicant group. Conclusion: It seems that the Ego development level has a considerable role in body image acceptance and the individuals with higher levels of Ego development can resolve their conflicts more easily.

The personality disorders among 60 non-political prisoners of Zanjan's prison and a control group of 60 non-prisoners without a history of mental illness were assessed, using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory- II (MCMI-II; Millon, 1987). The development of Ego among participants also was measured using a questionnaire that included four factors from Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (Cattell, 1965). Results posited that the prisoners scored higher than the non-prisoner in all the subscales of personality disorders except for the obsessive personality subsca1e. Analysis of measurements of Ego development showed that two groups were significantly different in Ego strength and emotional sensitivity that prisoner group showed significantly lower level of Ego development. Among the prisoners, there were negative correlations between Ego strength and avoidant, antisocial, masochistic, and schizotypal personality disorders and positive correlations between emotional sensitivity and borderline personality disorder. The highest scores of prisoner group included the borderline personality disorder and schizoid. A more detailed discussion of the findings is presented.

The present study sought to identify self-differentiation and Ego development level and their relationship to marital adjustment rate in cases referring to counseling clinics in 2011.65 couples were selected through available sampling from among volunteer couples referring to counseling clinics in Tehran. The study was correlational. Through questionnaires of self-differentiation, Ego development level and marital adjustment the required data were gathered and then analyzed using tests of multi-variate regression and Pearson’s correlation. Findings showed that there was significant relationship between self-differentiation and Ego development level and marital adjustment rate in both men and women (p<0.01). The results of this research present some evidence suggesting that the interaction of self-differentiation and Ego development could explain the marital adjustment rate in couples. These variables can influence marital adjustment between couples through the mechanisms of sense balancing of belonging to the original family and independency under influence of interpersonal, intra-personal, and personal development.

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to study the effectiveness of gamification on corporate training.  Methodology: A gamified course was designed and implemented to train the location of Fire Hosing Cabinet for 24 employees of a firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental research plan (post-test only control group design) the participants of the study were randomly assigned to treatment (12) and control (12) groups and trained for a week.  Conclusion: The descriptive and interpretive result of the posttest analyses indicated the effectiveness of gamification of the training performed for the employees of the firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Moreover, the descriptive result of Gamification Acceptance Questionnaire answered by the members of the experimental group after gamified training indicated that all the participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the gamified training course.

This reserch aims to explore relationships between Ego development and religious development represented by attachment to God and religious orientation. 636 university students participated in this research. Participants were university students selected from 12 faculties of Shahid Beheshti University. All participants completed the "Sentence Completion Test (S. C. T)" , the "Multidimen8ional Attachment to God Scale", the ""Attachment to Mother Scale" and the "Religious Orientation Scale (ROS)". Analysis of results indicate a negative relation (P= 0.05) between Ego level and avoidance attachment to God, and positive relation (P= 0. 001) between Ego level and intrinsic rereligious orientation. It has also found that the intrinsic religious orientation has negative relation with both dimensions, anxious and avoidance attachment to God. Although the results supported the corresponding model of the Kirkpatrick"s hypothesis for the low & middle Ego levels, but the high Ego levels ara excluded. Interpretation of results will focus on the following issues: 1- Introducing Ego development as the precondition for religious development. 2Introducing transcendence attachment need (attachment to God) as the precondition for Ego development. 3-Differentiating the transcendence attachment need and religious behavior at the high Ego levels. 4- Evaluation of corresponding model of the Kirkpatrick"s hypothesis, and introducing the Ego level as one of the basic constructs to address the issue. 5-Evaluation and providing indirect support for the Allport"s hypothesis about mature individuals, at the scope of relevant constructs. 6-Evaluation and providing indirect support for the Loevinger"s hypothesis about the influence of Ego development to the neighboring domains. In sum, this research, not only introduces some new perspectives in two important areas of psychology, i. e., religion psychology and personality psychology, but also it bridges these two fields.